What structure is most effective in removing excess heat in industrial processes?

Cooling towers are specifically designed to remove excess heat from industrial processes efficiently. They operate by promoting the evaporation of water, which absorbs heat from the process and carries it away. This cooling mechanism is particularly effective for controlling the temperature of water systems in large-scale operations.

In contrast, heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids without allowing them to mix, which is effective in various applications but does not directly remove heat from the environment as cooling towers do. Refrigeration units are primarily used for cooling and preserving products rather than managing heat in large industrial processes. Condensers are involved in the heat exchange processes in refrigeration or heat recovery but are not the primary structure dedicated to cooling excess heat directly from industrial operations.

Thus, cooling towers stand out as the optimal solution for handling excess heat in industrial scenarios.